... if microwaves, which are very similar to light, might be stimulated to produce an amplified beam by the process that Albert Einstein described. Townes was successful in 1954 when he constructed what he called the maser (microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). The maser amplifies the number of photons that cause microwaves. After the invention of the maser many scientists became interested in the idea of building an optical maser, which soon received the name laser (light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation). Townes paired with Arthur Schawlow, two Soviets, Nikolai Basov and Aleksander Prokhorov, as well as Gordon Gould were all ...

... in the atmosphere, labelled greenhouse gases. This absorption of heat warms up the atmosphere, which in turn radiates some of the heat back to the earth. Greenhouse gases include water vapour, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), chloroflurocarbons (CFCs), Ozone (O3), and Nitrous Oxide (N2O). It all seems very straightforward: greenhouse gases trap the sun's heat, warming the planet sufficiently for life to exist. There is, however, one problem: human activity has dramatically increased the amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. Over the last two centuries the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere has increased quite significantly, mainly a ...

... reasons, the people at the highest risk of contracting the disease are: anyone who is sexually active; health, dental, and emergency workers; adoptive families with children form Asia, Africa, South America, Eastern and Mediterranean Europe (as these areas have a high number of people infected); drug users; and anyone in close contact with someone infected. This is not as scary as it seems, for you cannot contract the virus through sneezing, coughing, or holding hands. A surprising fact about hepatitis B, considering it is preventable, is that one in twenty people are or will be infected in their lifetime. There are one million people infected in the ...

... material such as a jelly. For example, a warm, dilute(2 percent) solution of gelatin(a protein mixture) forms, on cooling, a stiff gel in which the molecules of the continuous phase are trapped in the holes of a "brush-heap" like structure of the gelatin. Administered orally. Microemulsion: Microemulsions are thermodynamically stable, optically transparent, isotropic mixtures of a biphasic oil-water system stabilized with surfactants. The diameter of droplets in a microemulsion may be in the range of 100 A to 1000 A. Microemulsion may be formed spontaneously by agitating the oil and water phases with carefully selected surfactants. The type of emulsion p ...

... filled with many peoples of different beliefs whose Gods are all so varied and different that it is difficult to fathom that they are all the same divine being. It is also plausible that we just have a desire to quench the thirst for knowledge that lies deep within ourselves. As for myself, I cannot believe in a being which created a universe and a multitude of worlds in a rather short period of time then deigns to lower itself into becoming a puppet-master and "pulling the strings" of the Earth and all of the people therein. Since this paper touches upon many scientific terms, I feel that in order for the reader to correctly grasp the content I must first defi ...

... given to the coma and nucleus. The last of the features of the comet are the tails. Most have two tails. One tail is made from dust particles and the other, called ion tail, is made gases. As a comet approaches the sun, the frozen gas becomes unfrozen which causes the dust particles to become free. Light pressure from the sun and some other forces cause these materials to move away from the head of the comet and in the opposite direction from the sun. According to Charles A. Schweighauser in his book, entitled Astronomy from A to Z: A Dictionary of Celestial Objects and Ideas, he states that we see comet heads and tails because they not only reflect sunl ...

... code representation of the continuous stream of data. Once in this form, it can be modified in any way without any degradation of the original sound. One can make copies of copies with digital audio, and the hundredth will be exactly like the first. The great advantage of digital audio with respect to radio is the possibility of listener interactivity. Currently, any interactivity is limited by the inability of the individual talk to the other end of a radio transmission chain. When one switches stations on our radio, there is no interaction, we are simply selecting from a series of predefined options, just like changing channels on television. If you switch from ...

... in definite whole number ratios when they form compounds. Though his theory has some errors, these theories are the basis for our understanding of atoms and chemistry. One mistake of Dalton was his belief that atoms were round and hard. This became the primary ambition for scientists after Dalton, to find out the structure of an atom. In 1897, Joseph John Thomson discovered electrons. Using a tube, magnets and charged plates, he sent ray particles through various experiments changing the position of the charged plates. By changing the plates, he discovered he could also change the point at which the particles would hit a florescent screen at the end of the tub ...

... was made at 10 parts per billion. Person 3- Whitman charged at the time that the Clinton rule had been hastily crafted without adequate scientific study or consideration of the cost for small communities that would have to change their filtration systems to meet federal law. The review focused on alternative standards – ranging from as low as 3 parts per billion to as high as 20 parts per billion. Whitman states it is to dangerous to have the arsenic levels over 20 parts per billion. Person 4- Arsenic occurs naturally in rocks, soil, water, air, plants and animals. High concentration levels are mostly found in the drinking water in the Western states. Long-term ...

... be recognized as not normal tissue. These traits are passed down as the cell reproduces therefore spreading the cancer. Neoplasms are generally classified into two groups: malignant and benign. Malignant tumors, or abnormal tissue, grow more rapidly than benign tissue and they invade normal tissue. Benign tissue is structured similar to normal tissue while malignant tissue is abnormal and has an unstructured appearance. Of greater importance, benign tissue does not metastasize, or begin to grow in other sites, like malignant tumors do. Cancer always refers to metastasized tumors but the term tumor is not always necessarily cancer. A tumor is any living tissue tha ...