... point of -100 degrees C. In reality, however, water has a boiling point of 100 degrees C and a freezing point of 0 degrees C. The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one Celsius degree is called a Calorie. One Calorie is about twice as much energy as you need to warm one gram of most other fluids by the same amount. This makes water much better for regulating the temperatures of animals and the environment. Water also has a very high heat of vaporization. Converting one gram of cold water into ice requires 80 Calories of energy. Converting the same amount of very hot water into steam requires 540. The high amounts of en ...

... it possesses. After WWII, Americans started to think about what the atomic bomb could do to the United States and it's people. When ever plutonium was mentioned the first thing that came to people's minds were the bombings of Hiroshima or Nagasaki. No one ever considered the fact that plutonium could be used for more constructive purposes such as: sources of energy or to keep a person's heart beating. We did begin to produce more plutonium but the majority of the substance was used towards our nuclear weapons programs. Along with reactors, sometimes comes a meltdown which can cause harmful effects if it isn't controlled quickly enough. After such instan ...

... and each proton one positive charge. Neutrons carry no charge. Every atom has the same number of electrons as there are protons, so, on the whole, it is electrically neutral. The electrons have discrete kinetic energy levels, which increase with the orbital radius. When atoms bond together to form a solid, the electron energy levels merge into bands. In electrical conductors, these bands are continuous but in insulators and semiconductors there is an "energy gap", in which no electron orbits can exist, between the inner valence band and outer conduction band [Book 1]. Valence electrons help to bind together the atoms in a solid by orbiting 2 adjacent nucleii, whil ...

... lighting up the desolate landscape.  Given enough time, cosmic rays, and lightning bolts, a "primordial soup" gradually formed which contained amino acids.  These in turn got hooked together to form simple proteins, the "building blocks" of life.  At some point these proteins happened to get connected in just the right way, and a threshold was crossed:  the proteins started reproducing themselves, and simple life was "born". During uncounted eons, this simple life gradually became more and more complex as chance modifications of the original proteins combined with external conditions of moisture, temperature, food supply, etc., to eventually produce all the va ...

... also confirmed the discovery of capillary systems. Theodor Schwann a German physiologist born in Neuss and educated at the universities of Bonn, Wurzburg, and Berlin, Schwann was involved in the study of the structure of plant and animal tissues. Along with Matthias Jakob Schleiden a German botanist, Schwann proposed the cell theory. The cell theory has three parts: 1. All organisms are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms 3. All cells come from preexisting cells. The impact on science was very great due to the discovery of cells and the cell theory. Many or all things were effected by the d ...

... the viral DNA-polymerase, envelope protein, pre-core protein (which is processed to viral capsid) and protein X. The function of protein X is not clear but it may be involved in the activation of host cell genes and the development of cancer. Hepatitis B is a serious public health problem that affects people of all ages in the United States and around the world. Each year, more than 240,000 people contract hepatitis B in the United States. A highly infectious virus that attacks the liver causes the disease. (HBV) infection can lead to severe illness, liver damage, and, in some cases, death. It can take, on average, 60-120 days from the time of exposure for symptom ...

... II. The F-16 Fighting Falcon, when it first came out, was designed to be in the Air Forces lightweight fighter (LWF) program. The first F-16 was developed as a YF-16 prototype back in 1972. It made it’s first official flight on February 2, 1974. A level speed of Mach 2 at 40,000 ft was attained on March 11, 1974. The production F-16A differed from the YF-16 in having a 13-inch fuselage extension to hold more fuel and the Westinghouse APG-66 radar. The wing area was increased by 20 square feet and an additional underwing hardpoint was fitted. The first YF-16 was brought out on December 13, 1973 to make its first test flight at Fort Worth and was ai ...

... obeys the normal rules of growth control. The offspring of organisms which reproduce asexually, like corals, are also clones; as are identical twins produced by the natural, or sometimes deliberate, splitting of a single embryo. Members of a clone are genetically identical and genetic identity has given cloning an additional more technical meaning: namely the procedures used to create a new organism whose genetic constitution is a replica of another existing individual. Such a feat can be achieved by substituting the nucleus, which contains the genes, from one of the cells making up that individual's body, for the nucleus of a fertilised egg. Since our g ...

... heat melt the naphthalene powder until it completely turns to a liquid. When the temperature reaches approximately 90o Celsius, stop heating. 6. Observe the change in temperature from 90o to 70o Celsius, recording the temperature at regular intervals, preferably 15 seconds. This data will be used to make a chart later. 7. Once the temperature has fallen to 70o, melt the naphthalene which is now frozen to remove the thermometer. Properly dispose of the naphthalene liquid as instructed by the teacher. IV. Data Time Elapsed Temperature of Naphthalene Time Temperature Initial (0:00) 100oC 7:00 78.5oC 0:30 97.5oC 7:15 78.3oC 1:00 93.0o ...

... by absorbing ultraviolet or bad radiation from the sun ( Rowland, 1992, p.66 ). This natural umbrella protecting mankind has recently suffered the effects of industrialized society. This " ozone shield is dissipating " and the cause is laid primarily to man - made chemicals ( Bowermaster et al, 1990, p.27 ). If enough of these man - made chemicals are released, "the ozone layer would be weakened to such an extent that it does not filter out the sun's invisible and dangerous ultraviolet rays " ( Jones, 1992, p.36 ). Such a scenario would drastically alter society and the environment. Ozone depletion has been described as "potential catastrophe " and " a planetary ti ...