... primordial cells and evolved along with them. A mitochondrian’s main purpose is to burn energy through a slow method of combustion, which will consume as much air to burn as fire will, just to break down nutrients into simpler substances. These simpler molecules then bond with the atoms that will need the energy to function. Then, enzymes in the mitochondrion break up the atoms and then recapture them again. This time, the energy atoms will be bonded in a different molecule to form ATP, or adenosine triphosphate. ATP has an adenosine core and three phosphates attached to it, hence its name. These phosphates will store the new energy. ATP can travel through ...

... the construction and presence of dams always has and will continue to leave devastating effects on the environment around them. Firstly, to understand the thesis people must know what dams are. A dam is a barrier built across a water course to hold back or control water flow. Dams are classified as either storage, diversion or detention. As you could probably notice from it's name, storage dams are created to collect or hold water for periods of time when there is a surplus supply. The water is then used when there is a lack of supply. For example many small dams impound water in the spring, for use in the summer dry months. Storage dams also supply a water su ...

... eukaryotes evolved at least 1.5 billion years ago. Eukaryotes are distinguished from prokaryotes by their larger size, the separation of nucleus from cytoplasm by a nuclear envelope, the association of DNA with histone proteins and its organization into a number off distinct chromosomes, and complex organelles, among which are chloroplasts and mitochondria. Scientists believe that eukaryotic organisms such as the protists evolved from the prokaryotes. There are two main theories which describe how this transition may have occurred. The first is the endosymbiotic theory, or enosymbiosis, and the other is the autogenous theory, or autogenisis. These two theorie ...

... there could have been liquid water on the surface. The surface of Mars is varied greatly between north and south. This has been largely attributed to volcanism and erosion. Mars is similar to our moon in the southern hemisphere. This region is referred to as the “Highlands” of Mars. The area is pitted with numerous craters that reach between one to four km above the datum. Ejecta from the impact scatter around the crater making a rim like structure. The northern hemisphere is very low compared to the southern hemisphere. In the north the ground level rarely reaches above one km below the datum. This stark contrast between north and south is ...

... as proof of her faithfulness? Either outcome is possible in an animal world marked daily by scenes of courtship, spurning and love triumphant. And take note: these are not the imaginings of some Disney screen-16 writer. Decades ago Konrad Lorenz, a famed Austrian naturalist, made detailed studies of Greylags and afterwards showed no hesitation in using words like love, grief and even embarrassment to describe the behavior of these large, social birds. At the same time he did not forget that all romance - animal and human - is tied intimately to natural selection. Natural selection brought on the evolution of males and females during prehistoric epochs when ...

... of productive drylands in arid, semiarid, and dry subhumid areas as a result of various factors, including climatic variations and human activities (World Atlas of Desertification, 1997) These drylands have been central in the evolution of mankind. These are the lands that sustained our transition from a hunting/gathering to pastoralism and agriculture (Kaya and Yokobiri, 1997). Drylands still provide much of our grain and livestock. These areas cover more than 40 percent of the world’s land surface. As these areas decrease in size, so does the reliability of the land to support the human population. In some areas, desertification is occurring to such a ...

... so stripped it of an odd but essential ingredient called dietary fibre. Like its fellow carbohydrates, the various types of dietary fibre are the product of sunlight, water and carbon dioxide combining in green plants. Most form part of plant cell walls. But unlike the other carbohydrates, fibres do not break down into sugars in the human digestive system and then course through the blood stream fueling muscles and nerves. Rather, when eaten they tumble intact through the stomach and small intestine and end up in the colon where billions of bacterial feed on them - in turn producing intestinal gas. No wonder, then, that dietary fibre has been unwelcome in ...

... early 80’s, mostly in men and women with multiple sex partners located in East and Central Africa, but also in bisexuals and homosexuals in specific urban areas of the Americas, Ausrtalasia and Western Europe. Aids was and is spread still through infected hypodermic needles which drug abusers are affected by, but also through transfusion of the blood and its components. And sadly, whenever a mother is infected, the unborn child will almost positively receive the virus before, during, or after the pregnancy. The viruses which cause AIDS, otherwise known as Human Immunodeficiecy Viruses(HIV) were first discovered in 1983 cooperatively by Dr. Robert Gallo of t ...

... over the Atlantic Ocean, thus dramatically decreasing hurricanes for that year. But when the warm waters brought on by El Nino recede, the cold waters of the Pacific Ocean move eastward and bring with it La Nina, the little girl. La Nina has a variety of different names such as El Viejo, anti-El Nino or simply "cold event". When the warmer Pacific water is pushed westward by the trade winds, that water flows toward Asia and makes room for the colder, deep sea water, to rise and flow to the Americas. Because cold water doesn't evaporate, there is a large reduction in the formation of storm clouds. The weather patterns of La Nina are basically an exact oppo ...

... Plates. Africa and North America were joined into one super continent. The collision of these land masses over 1 billion years ago metamorphosed the original rock producing the Pedler gneiss and Old Rag granite which can be observed in the Shenandoah National Park. In late Precambrian time this super continent began to rift apart under the tensional forces producing the Catoctin rift basalts that can be observed in the Shenandoah. As they rifted apart, they created a growing ocean called the proto-Atlantic or Iapetus after the father of Atlas, for whom the Atlantic Ocean is named. Towards the end of the Precambrian, the tensional forces changed to compression ...